Operators are special symbols that tell the compiler to perform a specific mathematical or logical action on your variables.

4.1 The Assignment Operator:

The single equals sign (=) is the most fundamental operator. Its job is to assign a value to a variable. It takes the value on its right and stores it in the variable on its left.

For example, ledPin = 13; takes the number 13 and puts it into the variable named ledPin.

4.2 Doing Math: Arithmetic Operators

These operators perform standard mathematical calculations.

• + (Addition): Adds two values together.
• – (Subtraction): Subtracts the second value from the first.
• * (Multiplication): Multiplies two values.
• / (Division): Divides the first value by the second.
• % (Modulo): Gives you the remainder after an integer division (e.g., 10 % 3 would result in 1).

4.3 Asking Questions: Comparison Operators

Comparison operators are used to compare two values. The result of a comparison is always a boolean value: either true or false. They are essential for making decisions in your code.

Crucial Note: A very common mistake for beginners is to confuse the assignment operator (=) with the “is equal to” comparison operator (==). Remember, a single equals sign assigns a value, while a double equals sign compares two values.

Let’s see how all these concepts—structure, variables, data types, and operators—come together in a simple, working program.