7.0 Key Terminology and Cited Works
7.1 Glossary of Key Terms
| Symbol/Term | Definition |
| Aᵥ | Specific surface area of filter media, Length⁻¹ |
| Bᵥ | Volumetric loading rate; mass per unit volume per unit time |
| D | Longitudinal dispersion coefficient, (Length)² per unit time |
| E | Process treatment efficiency, ratio |
| H | Filter depth, length |
| K | Half velocity coefficient = substrate concentration at which rate of its utilization is half the maximum rate, mass per unit volume |
| Kᵢ | Inhibition constant, mass per unit volume |
| L | Substrate concentration around microorganisms in reactor, measured in terms of BOD, mass per unit volume |
| N₀ | Number of microorganisms per unit volume at time t = 0 |
| Nₜ = N | Number of microorganisms per unit volume at time t |
| ΔO₂ | Amount of oxygen requirement, mass per unit time |
| Q | Volumetric rate of flow, volume per unit time |
| Qₐ | Volumetric rate of flow per unit area, Length per unit time |
| Qᵣ | Volumetric rate of return flow, volume per unit time |
| R | Recycle ratio |
| S | Substrate concentration, mass per unit volume |
| ΔS | Substrate removed, mass per unit time |
| Sₑ | Effluent BOD or final substrate concentration, mass per unit volume |
| S₀ | Influent BOD or in the initial substrate concentration, mass per unit volume |
| T | Temperature, °C |
| U | Process loading factor, time⁻¹ |
| V | Volume of the reactor, volume |
| X | Mass of active microorganisms present per unit volume |
| ΔX | Cell mass synthesized, mass per unit time |
| Xₑ | Effluent volatile suspended solids, mass per unit volume |
| X₀ | Influent volatile suspended solids, mass per unit volume |
| Xᵣ | Volatile suspended solids in return sludge, mass per unit volume |
| Xₜ | Total mass of microorganisms in the reactor, mass |
| Y | Growth yield coefficient, dimensionless |
| a’ | Fraction of BOD removed that is oxidized for energy |
| b | Microorganisms decay coefficient, time⁻¹ |
| b’ | Oxygen used for endogenous respiration of biological mass, time⁻¹ |
| c₁ | Constant |
| f | Fraction of volatile suspended solids present in the influent which are non-degradable |
| kբ, k’բ, k”բ | Rate coefficient in filters, time⁻¹ |
| k₀ | Logarithmic growth rate constant, time⁻¹ |
| kₜ | Growth rate factor, time⁻¹ |
| k’ | Growth rate factor, (time)⁻¹ (mass per unit volume)⁻¹ |
| l | Length dimension in reactor, Length |
| m | Constant |
| n | Trickling filter exponent |
| q | dS / Xdt = Substrate utilization rate per unit biomass |
| qₘₐₓ | Maximum substrate utilization rate per unit biomass |
| t | Contact time in filter or any other reactor, time |
| t̄ | V / Q = Mean retention time, time |
| u | Mean displacement velocity in reactor along length, length per unit time |
| w | Volumetric rate of flow of waste sludge, volume per unit time |
| θ | Temperature coefficient for microbial activity |
| θₓ | Mean cell retention time, time |
| μ | dX / Xdt = Specific growth rate of microorganisms, time⁻¹ |
| μₘₐₓ | Maximum specific growth rate of microorganisms, time⁻¹ |
| D/ul | Reactor dispersion number, dimensionless |
| M/F | Microorganisms to food ratio in a reactor |
| dL/dt | Rate of waste utilization measured in terms of BOD, mass per unit volume per unit time |
| dN/dt | Rate of growth in number of microorganisms, Number per unit volume per unit time |
| dS/dt | Rate of substrate consumption, mass per unit volume per unit time |
| ΔS/Δt | Mass of substrate utilized over one day, mass per unit time |
| Sₜ/Δt | Total mass of substrate applied over a period of one day, mass per unit time |
| dX/dt | Rate of growth of mass of active microorganisms, mass per unit volume per unit time |
| ΔXₜ/Δt | Total quantity of active biomass withdrawn daily, mass per unit time |
7.2 Cited Works
- MacInnis, C., Municipal Wastewater, Encyclopedia of Environmental Science and Engineering, Vol. 1, edited by J. R. Pfafflin and E.N. Ziegler, Gordon and Breach, New York.
- Gates, W.E. and S. Ghosh, Biokinetic Evaluation of BOD Concepts of Data, Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 97, no. SA3, June 1971, pp. 287–309.
- McKinney, R.E., Microbiology for Sanitary Engineers, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 1962.
- Stanier, R.Y., M. Doudoroff and E.A. Adelberg, The Microbial World, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1957.
- McKinney, R. E., Mathematics of Complete Mixing Activated Sludge, Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 88, SA3, May 1962, pp. 87–113.
- Tsuchiya, H.M., A.G. Frederickson and R. Avis, Dynamics of Microbial Cell Populations, Advances in Chemical Engineering, Vol. 6, edited by T.B. Drew, J.W. Hoopes, Jr. and T. Vermeulen, Academic Press, New York, 1966.
- Stewart, M.J., Activated Sludge System Variations, Specific Applications, Proceedings of the Fifteenth Ontario Industrial Waste Conference, June 1968, pp. 93–115.
- Irvine, R.L. and D.J. Schaezler, Kinetic Analysis of Date from Biological Systems, Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 97, No. SA4, August 1971, pp. 409–424.
- Monod, J., The Growth of Bacterial Cultures, Annual Review of Microbiology, 3, 371, 1949.
- Eckenfelder, W.W. and D.L. Ford, Water Pollution Control, Jenkins Publishing Company, Austin, Texas, 1970.
- Lawrence, A.W. and P.L. McCarty, Unified Basis for Biological Treatment Design and Operation, Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 96, SA3, June 1970, pp. 757–778.
- Pearson, E. A., Kinetics of Biological Treatment, Advances in Water Quality Improvement, edited by E.F. Gloyne and W.W. Eckenfelder, Jr., University of Texas Press, Austin, 1970.
- Eckenfelder, W.W. and D.J. O’Connor, Biological Waste Treatment, Pergamon Press, New York, 1961.
- Fair, G.M., J.C. Geyer and D.A. Okun, Water and Wastewater Engineering, Vol. 2, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1968.
- Bewtra, J.K., Droste, R.L. and Ali, H.I., The Significance of Power Input in the Testing and Biological Treatment of Industrial Wastewater, Treatment and Disposal of Liquid and Solid Industrial Wastes, edited by K. Curi, Pergamon Press, New York, 1980, pp. 23–47.
- Ruchhoft, C.C., Studies of Sewage Purification-IX, Public Health Reports, 54, 468, 1939.
- Goodman, B.L. and A.J. Englande, Jr., A Unified Model of the Activated Sludge Process, Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, 46, February 1974, p. 312.
- Parker, H.W., Wastewater Systems Engineering, Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, 1975.
- Warren, C.E., Biology and Water Pollution Control, W.B. Saunders Company, Toronto, 1971.
- Eckenfelder, W.W., Jr., Principles of Water Quality Management, CBI Publishing Company, Inc., Boston, 1980.
- Grady, C.P., Jr. and H.C. Lim, Biological Wastewater Treatment — Theory and Applications, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1980.
- Bewtra, J.K., Biological Treatment of Wastewater, Encyclopedia of Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. I, edited by E. Ziegler and J. Pfafflin, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Inc., New York, 1982, pp. 81–102.
- Bewtra, J.K., Toxocity Effects on Biological Processes in Waste Treatment, New Directions and Research in Waste Treatment and Residual Management, Vol. 2, Proceedings of International Conference held at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., June 1985, pp. 807–827.
- Gaudy, A.F., Jr., W. Lowe, A. Rozich and R. Colvin, Practical Methodology for Predicting Critical Operating Range of Biological Systems Treating Inhibitory Substrates, Water Pollution Control Federation Journal, Vol. 60, No. 1, 1988, pp. 77–85.
- Grady, C.P.L., Jr., Biodegradation of Hazardous Wastes by Conventional Biological Treatment, Hazardous Wastes and Hazardous Materials, 3, 1986, pp. 333–365.
- Gaudy, A.F., Jr., A.F. Rozick and E.T. Gaudy, Activated Sludge Process Models for Treatment of Toxic and Nontoxic Wastes, Water Science and Technology, Vol. 18, 1986, pp. 123–137.
- Godrej, A.N. and J.H. Sherrard, Kinetics and Stoichiometry of Activated Sludge Treatment of a Toxic Organic Wastewater, Water Pollution Control Federation Journal, Vol. 60, No. 2, 1988, pp. 221–226.
- Pitter, P., Determination of Biological Degradability of Organic Substances, Water Research, 10, 1976, pp. 231.
- Adam, C.E., D.L. Ford and W.W. Eckenfelder, Jr., Development of Design and Operational Criteria for Wastewater Treatment, Enviro Press, Inc., Nashville, 1981.
- Pierce, G.E., Potential Role of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms to Degrade Toxic Chlorinated Hydrocarbons, Detoxication of Hazardous Wastes, edited by J.H. Exner, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, 1982, pp. 315–322.
- Levenspiel, O., Chemical Reaction Engineering, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1967.
- Murphy, K.L. and B.I. Boyko, Longitudinal Mixing in Spiral Flow Aeration Tanks, Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 96, SA2, April 1970, pp. 211–221.
- Parker, C.E., Anaerobic – Aerobic Lagoon Treatment for Vegetable Tanning Wastes, Report prepared for the Federal Water Quality Administration Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., December 1970.
- Stevens, D.K., Interaction of Mass Transfer and Inhibition in Biofilms, Journal of Environmental Engineering, Vol. 114, No. 6, 1988, pp. 1352–1358.
- Toda, K. and H. Ohtake, Comparative Study on Performance of Biofilm Reactors for Waste Treatment, Journal of General Applied Microbiology, Vol. 31, No. 2, 1985, pp. 177–186.
- Wastewater Treatment Plant Design, American Chemical Society of Civil Engineers Manual of Engineering Practice, No. 36, New York, NY, 1977.
- Sinkoff, M.D., R. Porges and J.H. McDermott, Mean Residence Time of a Liquid in a Trickling Filter, Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 85, SA6, 1959.
- Friedman, A.A. and E.D. Schroeder, Temperature Effects on Growth and Yield for Activated Sludge, presented at 26th Purdue Industrial Waste Conference, Lafayette, Indiana, May 4–6, 1971.
- Gould, R.H., Tallmans Island Works Opens for World’s Fair, Municipal Sanitation, Vol. 10, No. 4, April 1939, p. 185.
- McWhirter, J.R., Oxygen and the Activated Sludge Process, Chapter 3 in The Use of High Purity Oxygen in the Activated Sludge Process, Vol. 1 edited by J.R. McWhirter, CRC Press Inc., West Palm Beach, 1978.
- Srinda, R.T. and R.F. Ward, Activated Sludge Processes: Conventional Processes and Modifications-Applications, presented at Short Course in Water Quality Control, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass., March 1970.
- Antoine, R.L. and R.J. Hynek, Operating Experience with Bio Surf Process Treatment of Food Processing Wastes, Proceedings of 28th Industrial Wastes Conference, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, May 1973.
- Antoine, R.L. Fixed Biological Surfaces—Wastewater Treatment, CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio, 1976, pp. 93–122.
- McCarty, P.L., Anaerobic Treatment of Soluble Wastes, Advances in Water Quality Improvement, edited by E. F. Gloyne and W. W. Eckenfelder, Jr., University of Texas Press, Austin, 1970, pp. 336–352.
- McCarty, P.L., Anaerobic Waste Treatment Fundamentals, Public Works, Vol. 95, No. 9–12, 1964, pp. 95–126.
- Bouck, D.W., Nutrient Removal in Three-Stage Processing, Chapter 5 in Advances in Water and Wastewater Treatment — Biological Nutrient Removal, edited by M.P. Wanielista and W.W. Eckenfelder, Jr., Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, MI, 1978, pp. 65–78.