Answer Key
- Science is the systematic study of the natural world through observation, while technology is the art or skill used to create products and acquire knowledge. Science contributes to technology by providing new ideas (e.g., nuclear technology) and a source of engineering knowledge. In turn, technology contributes to science by presenting new challenges (e.g., space science) and by providing advanced instrumentation for measurement and observation.
- The Scientific Policy Resolution of 1958 was India’s first science policy, which emphasized basic research in nearly every field and the development of essential infrastructure for scientific research. The Technology Policy Statement of 1983 was the second policy, which focused on achieving technological competence and self-reliance for the nation.
- Cybercrime is defined as a crime that involves and uses computer devices and the Internet, which can be committed against individuals, groups, or organizations. Examples mentioned include hacking (breaching computer security), child pornography (sexual abuse videos uploaded online), copyright infringement (using protected material without permission), and cyber-extortion (demanding money to reinstate a hacked system).
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an experimental science developed to understand intelligent thought and action, presented by machines or software. The term was first coined by John McCarthy, a Stanford University researcher, who is known as the father of AI. Modern applications include voice recognition by computer systems and driverless vehicles.
- A geosynchronous orbit has an orbital period that matches the Earth’s rotation rate (one sidereal day). A geostationary orbit is a specific type of circular geosynchronous orbit that is inclined 0° to the Earth’s equatorial plane. The advantage of a geostationary orbit is that a satellite in it always appears stationary from the ground, as it remains at the same point in the sky.
- The four categories are Red, Green, White, and Blue Biotechnology. Green Biotechnology is used in the field of agriculture to research and develop pest-resistant solutions and disease-resistant animals.
- Nanotechnology is the engineering of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale. The term was first used by Norio Taniguchi in 1974, while Nobel Prize winner Richard Feynman is credited with propagating the concept through his lecture describing the feasibility of synthesis via direct manipulation of atoms.
- One type is Ocean Thermal Energy, which uses the temperature difference in ocean water to run a turbine generator, a process called OTEC. Another type is Tidal Energy, which converts the power from the rise and fall of sea water (tides) into electricity, as demonstrated by the plant at the Gulf of Kutch.
- Key advantages include having the least environmental impact as it does not pollute the air or release greenhouse gases, and requiring a relatively small area for setup. The primary disadvantages are the very high expense of setting up a plant and the fact that nuclear waste is extremely hazardous, remaining radioactive for thousands of years.
- The Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) was conceptualized by the former President and scientist, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam. Its objective was to enable India to achieve self-sufficiency in the field of missile technology.