Answer Key
- ICs offer advantages like compact size, lesser weight, and lower power consumption compared to discrete circuits. They also provide reduced cost, increased reliability due to fewer connections, and improved operating speeds.
- An ideal Op-Amp theoretically has infinite input impedance (Z_{i}=\infty\Omega), zero output impedance (Z_{0}=0\Omega), and infinite open-loop voltage gain (A_{v}=\infty). It also has infinite bandwidth, Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR), and Slew Rate.
- An inverting amplifier produces an amplified version of the input signal that is also inverted. Its voltage gain is calculated by the formula Gain = -R_f/R_1. The negative sign indicates a 180-degree phase difference between the output and the input.
- The “virtual short” concept states that the voltage at the inverting input terminal is equal to the voltage at the non-inverting input terminal. Although not physically connected, they are virtually at the same potential, which simplifies the analysis of op-amp circuits.
- A comparator is an electronic circuit that compares two input voltages applied to it. It produces an output of either +V_{sat} or -V_{sat}, indicating which of the inputs is greater or lesser.
- The Barkhausen criteria states two conditions for oscillation: the loop gain (A_{v}\beta) must be greater than or equal to unity, and the total phase shift around the loop must be either 0 or 360 degrees.
- A triangular wave generator is created by cascading a square wave generator and an integrator. The square wave generator produces the initial square wave, which is then fed as input into the integrator to produce a triangular wave output.
- A PLL consists of a Phase Detector, an Active Low Pass Filter, and a Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO). The Phase Detector produces a DC voltage that is proportional to the phase difference between the input signal and the feedback signal from the VCO.
- A Weighted Resistor DAC uses resistors whose values are binary weighted, while an R-2R Ladder DAC uses a repeating network of only two resistor values (R and 2R). A key advantage of the R-2R Ladder DAC is that it is easier to design accurately since only two resistor values are needed, unlike the wide range required for the weighted resistor type.
- The Flash type ADC is the fastest ADC because it performs comparisons in parallel, making it ideal for high-speed applications. The Dual Slope ADC is an indirect type converter known for its high accuracy, making it suitable for applications where precision is more critical than speed.