Modelling and Simulation (M&S) is a powerful discipline for analyzing and predicting the performance of complex systems without the cost, risk, or impracticality of manipulating them in the real world. At its core, Modelling is the process of creating a representative, abstract model of a system, while Simulation is the act of operating that model over time or space to study its behavior. Together, they form a strategic capability that enables organizations to test new designs, diagnose problems, identify constraints, and explore innovative policies in a controlled, virtual environment.

Modelling

Modelling is the process of developing an abstract representation of a real-world system or process. This involves identifying the system’s key entities, their properties, and the functional relationships that govern their behavior. The resulting model serves as a formal specification, designed to capture the essential characteristics of the system for the purpose of analysis.

Simulation

Simulation is the process of operating a model to observe its behavior over time. By exercising the model with defined inputs and variables, analysts can study the performance of the corresponding real-world system. This act of experimentation provides critical insights, allowing for performance analysis and prediction under a variety of conditions.

The foundations of modern M&S were established over decades of innovation, building upon key theoretical and technological advancements.

• 1940: The Monte Carlo method was developed by researchers working on the Manhattan project to study neutron scattering, introducing a foundational technique for handling randomness.
• 1960s: The first special-purpose simulation languages, such as SIMSCRIPT, were developed, making model creation more accessible.
• 1970s: Research was initiated on the mathematical foundations of simulation, adding analytical rigor to the field.
• 1980s: The advent of PC-based simulation software, graphical user interfaces, and object-oriented programming democratized access to M&S tools.
• 1990s: The development of web-based simulation, advanced animated graphics, and simulation-based optimization expanded the scope and sophistication of M&S applications.

This whitepaper presents a standardized, six-phase methodology for executing M&S projects, ensuring a structured approach from initial problem formulation to final implementation.