Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Deoxyribonucleic Acid – Structure, Organization and Various Types of DNA. The chemical structure that carries an individual’s genetic information is called DNA. In this course by Academy Europe, you will learn about the structure, organization, and types of DNA. For examinations, the phases of the cell cycle are of great…
Pathology
Pathology is a branch of medical science that involves the study and diagnosis of disease through the examination of surgically removed organs, tissues (biopsy samples), bodily fluids, and in some cases the whole body (autopsy). Aspects of a bodily specimen that may be considered include its gross anatomical make up,…
Bioseparations Engineering
Bioseparations engineering refers to the systematic study of the scientific and engineering principles utilized for large-scale purification of biological products: biopharmaceuticals, biochemicals, foods, nutraceuticals and diagnostic reagents. Bioseparations engineering, both as an academic topic as well as an industrial practice has undergone significant growth and increase in importance in the…
Gene Expression Transcription and Translation
Transcription and translation convert a gene into protein. During this process, the genetic information of a gene, the DNA, is converted into RNA so that protein may be realized later on. This course by Academy Europe will provide you with exam-related information regarding this process, thus preparing you ideally for…
Amino Acids and Proteins
In the human organism, proteins undertake multiple and vital functions. Structural proteins are found in each and every cellular compartment. Intracellularly, motor proteins power the energy-dependent transportation of vesicles. Signal proteins receive and transmit information. Transport and storage proteins bind, for example, oxygen, and carry it to a location where…
Gross Anatomy
Anatomy is the science of studying and understanding the structure and organization of the body. The art of medicine requires a strong foundation in the basic medical sciences, and anatomy is a keystone in that foundation. This concise review of human anatomy is designed for medical, dental, graduate, physician associate,…
Gene Mutations and Repair Mechanisms of the Human Cell
Mutations are associated with diseases and defective genes. Mutated genes are actually the cause of many diseases, although they are also necessary. Without a permanent change in the genome, evolution is not possible, and purely static DNA would prevent any development. DNA is also the only molecule of the cell…
Pharmacology
This course by Academy Europe presents condensed and succinct descriptions of relevant and current Board-driven information pertaining to pharmacology without the usual associated details. It is not meant to be a substitute for the comprehensive presentation of information and difficult concepts found in standard pharmacology texts. https://youtu.be/B48jrtNBAPY Each chapter includes…
Regulation, Apoptosis, Mitosis and Replication of DNA
This course explains the semiconservative replication of DNA and the role it plays in the cell cycle. The phases of the cell cycle and mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase), as well as the regulatory mechanisms associated with cyclins and their antagonists, are all relevant topics in medical exams. Table…
Energy, Enzymes and Metabolism
Metabolism is the sum of both catabolism (pathways that break down molecules for generation of cellular energy) and anabolism (pathways that build macromolecules using cellular energy). Here, we will discuss metabolism with regards to the Laws of Thermodynamics, Enzymology, and go over some of the major metabolic pathways utilized by…
Biological Membranes
Biological Membranes are comprised of phospholipid bilayers that are formed when the nonpolar tails of glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids interact with each other in a way that exposes their polar head groups to the aqueous extracellular environment. We will discuss how this thermodynamically driven formation is dictated by the hydrophobic effect…
Biochemistry
Biochemistry is the study of life from a chemical perspective and asks how living organisms arose from biomolecules that are lifeless. These biomolecules can be isolated from organisms and examined individually, and they conform to both the chemical and physical laws that govern inanimate matter. A biochemist studies the properties…