Amino Acids and Proteins
In the human organism, proteins undertake multiple and vital functions. Structural proteins are found in each and every cellular compartment. Intracellularly, motor proteins power the energy-dependent transportation of vesicles. Signal proteins receive and transmit information. Transport and storage proteins bind, for example, oxygen, and carry it to a location where…
Gross Anatomy
Anatomy is the science of studying and understanding the structure and organization of the body. The art of medicine requires a strong foundation in the basic medical sciences, and anatomy is a keystone in that foundation. This concise review of human anatomy is designed for medical, dental, graduate, physician associate,…
Gene Mutations and Repair Mechanisms of the Human Cell
Mutations are associated with diseases and defective genes. Mutated genes are actually the cause of many diseases, although they are also necessary. Without a permanent change in the genome, evolution is not possible, and purely static DNA would prevent any development. DNA is also the only molecule of the cell…
Pharmacology
This course by Academy Europe presents condensed and succinct descriptions of relevant and current Board-driven information pertaining to pharmacology without the usual associated details. It is not meant to be a substitute for the comprehensive presentation of information and difficult concepts found in standard pharmacology texts. https://youtu.be/B48jrtNBAPY Each chapter includes…
Regulation, Apoptosis, Mitosis and Replication of DNA
This course explains the semiconservative replication of DNA and the role it plays in the cell cycle. The phases of the cell cycle and mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase), as well as the regulatory mechanisms associated with cyclins and their antagonists, are all relevant topics in medical exams. Table…
Energy, Enzymes and Metabolism
Metabolism is the sum of both catabolism (pathways that break down molecules for generation of cellular energy) and anabolism (pathways that build macromolecules using cellular energy). Here, we will discuss metabolism with regards to the Laws of Thermodynamics, Enzymology, and go over some of the major metabolic pathways utilized by…
Biological Membranes
Biological Membranes are comprised of phospholipid bilayers that are formed when the nonpolar tails of glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids interact with each other in a way that exposes their polar head groups to the aqueous extracellular environment. We will discuss how this thermodynamically driven formation is dictated by the hydrophobic effect…
Biochemistry
Biochemistry is the study of life from a chemical perspective and asks how living organisms arose from biomolecules that are lifeless. These biomolecules can be isolated from organisms and examined individually, and they conform to both the chemical and physical laws that govern inanimate matter. A biochemist studies the properties…