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Engineering Mathematics
This course by Academy Europe contains most of the material covered in a typical first year mathematics course in an engineering or science programme. It devotes Chapters 1–10 to consolidating the foundations of basic algebra, elementary functions and calculus. Chapters 11–17 cover the range of more advanced topics that are…
Discrete Mathematics
Discrete Mathematics is a branch of mathematics involving discrete elements that uses algebra and arithmetic. It is increasingly being applied in the practical fields of mathematics and computer science. It is a very good tool for improving reasoning and problem-solving capabilities. This tutorial explains the fundamental concepts of Sets, Relations and…
Biological Membranes
Biological Membranes are comprised of phospholipid bilayers that are formed when the nonpolar tails of glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids interact with each other in a way that exposes their polar head groups to the aqueous extracellular environment. We will discuss how this thermodynamically driven formation is dictated by the hydrophobic effect…
RNA Basic Knowledge
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule, which is implicated in different biological roles such as coding, decoding, expression of genes and regulation. Biological reactions within cells are catalyzed by some RNA molecules, which control gene expression and communicate responses to cellular signals. The structure of RNA is similar to…
Analytical Techniques in Biotechnology
Biotechnology is an emerging field that allows scientists to use analytical techniques to study the structure and function of biomolecules. Protein purification is an all but mandatory step for studying macromolecules, but this task is not necessarily easy. Several experimental methods, deductive logic, and even a little bit of luck…
Lipid Metabolism
Lipid metabolism is the process by which lipids are synthesized and degraded in cells. In this course, important lipids discussed are bile salts, cholesterols, steroids, and ketone bodies. Also covered in this course are the structures and functions of these types of lipids. The biosynthesis and metabolism of these lipid…
Histology
Histology is the study of the microanatomy of cells, tissues, and organs as seen through a microscope. It examines the correlation between structure and function. Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy, is the branch of biology which studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues. Histology is the microscopic counterpart to…
Cell Biology
Cell biology is the study of cell structure and function, and it revolves around the concept that the cell is the fundamental unit of life. Focusing on the cell permits a detailed understanding of the tissues and organisms that cells compose. Some organisms have only one cell, while others are…
Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular biology and genetics study organisms on a cellular and molecular level. This is a rapidly developing field of biological sciences which has many important applications not only in biomedical sciences, but also in other domains such as agriculture. The study of living things at molecular and genetic levels have…